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The Slovak–Hungarian War or Little War ((ハンガリー語:Kis háború), (スロバキア語:Malá vojna)), was a war fought from 23 March to 31 March 1939 between the First Slovak Republic and Hungary in eastern Slovakia. ==Prelude== After the Munich Pact, which weakened Czech lands to the west, the Hungarians remained poised threateningly on the Slovak border. They reportedly had artillery ammunition for only 36 hours of operations, and were clearly engaged in a bluff, but it was a bluff the Germans had encouraged, and one that they would have been obliged to support militarily if the much larger and better equipped Czechoslovak Army chose to fight. The Czechoslovak army had built 2,000 small concrete emplacements along the border wherever there was no major river obstacle. The Hungarian Minister of the Interior, Miklós Kozma, had been born in Carpathian Ruthenia, and in mid-1938 his ministry armed the Rongyos Gárda ('Ragged Guard'), which began to infiltrate into southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine. The situation was now verging on open war. From the German and Italian points of view, this would be premature, so they pressured the Czechoslovak government to accept their joint Arbitration of Vienna. On 2 November 1938 this found largely in favour of the Hungarians and obliged the Prague government to cede 11,833 km² of the mostly Hungarian populated (according 1910 census〔Deák, L.: Viedenská arbitráž 2. November 1938. Dokumenty I. Matica slovenská, Martin. 2002〕) south part of Slovakia to Hungary. The partition also cost Slovakia Košice/Kassa, its second largest city, and left the capital, Bratislava/Pozsony, vulnerable to further Hungarian pressure. The First Vienna Award did not fully satisfy the Hungarians, so this was followed by twenty-two border clashes between November 2, 1938 and January 12, 1939. On the evening of March 13, 1939 Jozef Tiso and Ferdinand Ďurčanský met Adolf Hitler, Joachim von Ribbentrop and Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin. Hitler made it absolutely clear that either Slovakia would declare independence immediately and place itself under Nazi Germany's "protection" or he would let the Hungarians, who were - reported by Ribbentrop - gathering on the border, to take over even more land. During this time, being aware of the German position, the Hungarians were preparing for action on the adjacent Ruthenian border. During the afternoon and night of March 14, the government of Slovakia proclaimed Slovakia's independence from Czechoslovakia, and at 5:00 am on March 15 Hitler declared that the unrest in Czechoslovakia was a threat to German security, sending his troops into Bohemia and Moravia, which gave virtually no resistance. The Slovaks were surprised when the Hungarians recognised their new state as early as March 15. However, the Hungarians were not satisfied with their frontier with Slovakia and, according to Slovak sources, weak elements of their 20th Infantry Regiment and frontier Guards had to repulse a Hungarian attempt to seize Hill 212.9 opposite Uzhhorod. In this and the subsequent shelling and bombing of the border villages of Nižné Nemecké and Vyšné Nemecké, the Slovaks claimed to have suffered 13 dead, and they promptly petitioned the Germans, invoking Hitler's promise of protection. On March 17, the Hungarian Foreign Ministry told the Germans that Hungary wanted to negotiate with the Slovaks over the eastern Slovak boundary on the pretext that the existing line was only an internal Czechoslovak administrative division, not a recognised international boundary, and therefore needed defining now that Carpatho-Ukraine had passed into Hungarian hands. They enclosed a map of their proposal that shifted the frontier about 10 kilometres west of Uzhhorod, beyond Sobrance, and then ran almost due north to the Polish border. The Hungarian claim partly relied on the 1910 census, which stated that Hungarians and Ruthenians, not Slovaks, formed the majority in north-eastern Slovakia. In addition to the demographic issue, Hungarians also had another purpose in mind, that they were trying to protect Uzhhorod and the key railway to Poland up the Uzh River, which was within the view of current Slovak border. They, therefore, resolved to push the frontier back a safe distance beyond the western watershed of the Uzh Valley. Berlin let the Hungarians know that it would acquiesce to such a border revision and told Bratislava so. On March 18, the Slovak leaders, in Vienna for the signing of the Treaty of Protection, were grudgingly forced to accept this, and Bratislava ordered Slovak civil and military authorities to pull back. All other potential Hungarian requests were supposed to be illegal in Slovakia. The Hungarians were aware that Slovakia had signed a treaty guaranteeing Slovakia's borders on March 18 and that it would come into force when Germany countersigned it. They, therefore, decided to act immediately and take advantage of the disorganized Slovak army, which had not yet fully consolidated. Thus, their forces in western Carpatho-Ukraine began to advance from the River Uzh into eastern Slovakia at dawn on 23 March, some six hours before Joachim von Ribbentrop countersigned the Treaty of Protection in Berlin. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Slovak–Hungarian War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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